Welcome to our A-Z list of animals in the Bible!
Disclaimer: This list includes the most widely accepted symbolic meanings of animals in Scripture. However, some interpretations remain debated among scholars, and new insights may continue to emerge.
Spotted an error or a missing animal? Drop us a line to let us know! Be sure to also check out our alphabetical list of biblical names for people and places.
Jump straight to the letter you want:
A | B | C | D | E | F | G | H | I | J | K | L | M | N | O | P | Q | R | S | T | U | V | W | X | Y | Z
A
Name: Addax
Biblical Appearance: Deuteronomy 14:5
Associated Story / Event: The addax is listed among the animals that the Israelites are permitted to eat.
Cultural Context: The addax is a type of antelope native to the Saharan desert, known for its light color and spiral horns. It’s possible the Israelites encountered it during their wanderings.
Likely Symbolic Meaning: No specific symbolic meaning seems to be attached to the addax, other than it being a clean animal for food.
Name: Ant
Biblical Appearance: Proverbs 6:6-8, 30:25
Associated Story / Event: The book of Proverbs extols the ant as a paragon of wisdom and diligence. We are encouraged to observe the ant’s industrious nature and learn from its foresight.
Cultural Context: Ants were commonly observed in the ancient Near East, and their organized behavior was well-known.
Likely Symbolic Meaning: The ant symbolizes hard work, preparation, and the wisdom of planning ahead.
Name: Antelope
Biblical Appearance: Deuteronomy 14:5, Isaiah 51:20
Associated Story / Event: Deuteronomy 14:5 lists the antelope among animals permitted to be eaten. In a separate context, Isaiah 51:20 describes the exhausted and defeated people of Jerusalem as being like an antelope caught in a net.
Cultural Context: Various species of antelope likely inhabited the region. They were known for their speed and agility. The specific type of antelope mentioned is difficult to ascertain.
Likely Symbolic Meaning: As a permitted food, the antelope has no particular symbolic meaning. However, in Isaiah, it is a metaphor for feeling trapped and powerless.
Name: Ape
Biblical Appearance: 1 Kings 10:22, 2 Chronicles 9:21
Associated Story / Event: Apes are listed among the exotic and valuable goods imported by King Solomon, along with gold, silver, and ivory. This showcases his immense wealth and international trade connections.
Cultural Context: Apes were not native to Israel and would have been considered rare and exotic, likely imported from Africa or India.
Likely Symbolic Meaning: Apes likely symbolized exoticism, luxury, and the vast reach of Solomon’s kingdom. They may also represent the potential dangers of worldly excess.
B
Name: Bald Locust
Biblical Appearance: Leviticus 11:22
Associated Story / Event: The bald locust is mentioned as one of the types of locusts permitted to be eaten under the dietary laws.
Cultural Context: The exact species referred to as “bald locust” is uncertain, as numerous locust types exist.
Likely Symbolic Meaning: No apparent symbolic meaning beyond being a permitted food.
Name: Barn Owl
Biblical Appearance: Leviticus 11:18
Associated Story / Event: Listed among the unclean birds in Leviticus.
Cultural Context: Barn owls are nocturnal birds of prey with distinctive features.
Likely Symbolic Meaning: As an unclean bird, it may be associated with darkness or death, though no specific symbolism is explicitly stated.
Name: Bat
Biblical Appearance: Leviticus 11:19, Deuteronomy 14:18, Isaiah 2:20
Associated Story / Event: The bat is listed among the unclean “birds” in Leviticus. Isaiah uses the bat and the mole in a description of idols being cast away.
Cultural Context: Bats were likely associated with darkness and caves.
Likely Symbolic Meaning: The bat generally represents uncleanness and is sometimes associated with desolation or judgment.
Name: Bear
Biblical Appearance: 1 Samuel 17:34-37, 2 Kings 2:23-24, Isaiah 11:7, Daniel 7:5, Revelation 13:2
Associated Story / Event: David recounts his experience of fighting off bears while protecting his sheep. On another note, in 2 Kings, Elisha curses a group of youths who mock him, and two she-bears maul 42 of them. Shifting to apocalyptic imagery, Daniel sees a bear representing a powerful and destructive empire.
Cultural Context: Bears were a real threat in the ancient Near East, representing the dangers of the wild.
Likely Symbolic Meaning: Bears symbolize strength, danger, wildness, and sometimes God’s judgment or a powerful enemy.
Name: Bee
Biblical Appearance: Deuteronomy 1:44, Judges 14:8, Psalm 118:12
Associated Story / Event: Samson famously finds a swarm of bees and honey in the carcass of a lion he had killed. Meanwhile, bees are used metaphorically to describe the Amorites pursuing the Israelites like a swarm.
Cultural Context: Bees were common in the region, and their honey was a valuable source of sweetness. Beekeeping may have been practiced, though wild honey was also harvested.
Likely Symbolic Meaning: Bees represent industry, community, and sometimes a pursuing army or a relentless force.
Name: Behemoth
Biblical Appearance: Job 40:15-24
Associated Story / Event: Job 40 describes the behemoth as a powerful creature made by God, with immense strength and a tail like a cedar. Its exact identity is debated, with some suggesting a hippopotamus, an elephant, or a mythical creature.
Cultural Context: The description likely draws on the imagery of large, powerful animals known to the author and audience.
Likely Symbolic Meaning: The behemoth represents the power and might of God’s creation, highlighting His sovereignty over all things.
Name: (Wild) Boar
Biblical Appearance: Psalm 80:13
Associated Story / Event: Psalm 80 paints a picture of a wild boar from the forest ravaging a vineyard to represent enemies destroying Israel.
Cultural Context: Wild boars were known for their destructive power and were a threat to crops and vineyards.
Likely Symbolic Meaning: The wild boar symbolizes a destructive and uncontrolled force, often representing enemies or invaders.
Name: Bull/Ox
Biblical Appearance: Numerous, including Exodus 21:28-36, Deuteronomy 25:4, Isaiah 1:3, Ezekiel 1:10, 1 Corinthians 9:9
Associated Story / Event: Bulls and oxen were essential for agriculture and were used in sacrifices. The golden calf incident in Exodus 32 is a significant story involving a bull idol. From a different perspective, Ezekiel’s vision includes a creature with the face of an ox. Additionally, in Daniel 4, King Nebuchadnezzar, in a period of madness, eats grass like an ox as a punishment for his pride.
Cultural Context: Oxen were vital for plowing and other farm work. Bulls were powerful animals, sometimes used in pagan worship.
Likely Symbolic Meaning: The ox represents strength, service, and sacrifice. The golden calf incident highlights the dangers of idolatry.
Name: Buzzard
Biblical Appearance: Isaiah 34:15
Associated Story / Event: Some translations of Isaiah 34:15 mention buzzards nesting in a scene depicting desolation.
Cultural Context: Buzzards are birds of prey, often associated with scavenging.
Likely Symbolic Meaning: Buzzards, in this context, contribute to the imagery of desolation and ruin.
C
Name: Camel
Biblical Appearance: Genesis 24, Matthew 19:24, 23:24
Associated Story / Event: Camels are frequently mentioned in the stories of the patriarchs, like Abraham and Jacob, often as indicators of wealth and part of their travels. Switching to a teaching moment, Jesus uses a camel in a famous saying about the difficulty of a rich man entering the kingdom of God.
Cultural Context: Camels were crucial for desert travel and trade, enabling long-distance journeys and the transport of goods.
Likely Symbolic Meaning: Camels represent transportation, wealth, and the ability to traverse difficult terrain. Jesus’ saying uses the camel to symbolize the obstacles that wealth can create for spiritual life.
Name: Carrion Vulture
Biblical Appearance: Leviticus 11:18, Deuteronomy 14:17
Associated Story / Event: This type of vulture is listed as unclean and not to be eaten.
Cultural Context: Carrion vultures are scavengers that feed on dead animals.
Likely Symbolic Meaning: Likely represents uncleanness due to its diet.
Name: Chameleon
Biblical Appearance: Leviticus 11:30
Associated Story / Event: The chameleon is listed among the unclean creeping things.
Cultural Context: Chameleons are lizards known for their ability to change color. The specific type of lizard indicated here is debated.
Likely Symbolic Meaning: Represents uncleanness in the context of dietary laws.
Name: Cobra
Biblical Appearance: Isaiah 11:8, 30:6, 59:5; Jeremiah 8:17
Associated Story / Event: Isaiah 11:8 predicts a time of peace when even a child can safely play near a cobra’s den. Conversely, Jeremiah uses the cobra as a symbol of divine punishment, sent among the people for their disobedience.
Cultural Context: Cobras were venomous snakes found in the region, representing a real and present danger.
Likely Symbolic Meaning: The cobra symbolizes venom, danger, the desert, and, in some cases, divine judgment.
Name: Cormorant
Biblical Appearance: Leviticus 11:17, Deuteronomy 14:17
Associated Story / Event: Listed among the unclean birds.
Cultural Context: Cormorants are water birds known for their fishing abilities.
Likely Symbolic Meaning: Possibly represents uncleanness, possibly due to their diet or habitat.
Name: Cow
Biblical Appearance: Numerous, including Genesis 41, Exodus 2, Leviticus 22, Numbers 19, Deuteronomy 21, 1 Samuel 6, Isaiah 11:7
Associated Story / Event: Cows are frequently mentioned as livestock, often alongside oxen. In Pharaoh’s dream, lean cows devour fat ones, symbolizing years of famine. They are used in sacrifices and are part of the imagery in Isaiah’s vision of a peaceful kingdom.
Cultural Context: Cows were essential livestock, providing milk, meat, and used in agricultural labor.
Likely Symbolic Meaning: Cows generally represent agricultural prosperity, sustenance, and sometimes sacrifice.
Name: Crane
Biblical Appearance: Isaiah 38:14, Jeremiah 8:7
Associated Story / Event: Isaiah compares his weakened state to the chirping of a crane. Jeremiah mentions the crane’s migratory instincts.
Cultural Context: Cranes are large, migratory birds with distinctive calls.
Likely Symbolic Meaning: The crane’s cry is used to express distress or lament, and its migratory nature points to an awareness of seasons.
Name: Cricket
Biblical Appearance: Leviticus 11:22
Associated Story / Event: Certain types of crickets are listed as clean and permissible to eat.
Cultural Context: Crickets were common insects, and some species may have been a food source.
Likely Symbolic Meaning: No apparent symbolic meaning, other than being a permitted food in the dietary laws.
D
Name: Deer
Biblical Appearance: Deuteronomy 12:15, 14:5, 15:22, 1 Kings 4:23, Song of Solomon 2:7, 9, 17, 3:5, 8:14, Isaiah 35:6
Associated Story / Event: Deer are listed among the clean animals that can be eaten. They are also mentioned as part of the provisions for Solomon’s table. The Song of Solomon uses deer to symbolize beauty and swiftness.
Cultural Context: Deer were hunted for food and were known for their grace and agility.
Likely Symbolic Meaning: Deer can symbolize swiftness, agility, and beauty.
Name: Dog
Biblical Appearance: Exodus 11:7, 22:31, Judges 7:5, 1 Kings 21:19, 22:38, Psalm 22:16, 20, Proverbs 26:11, Ecclesiastes 9:4, Matthew 15:26-27, Luke 16:21, Philippians 3:2, 2 Peter 2:22, Revelation 22:15
Associated Story / Event: Dogs are often depicted negatively, scavenging and licking up blood. In the parable of the rich man and Lazarus, dogs lick Lazarus’ sores. Yet, in a display of divine protection, Exodus mentions that not even a dog will bark against the Israelites. In a separate incident, Jesus refers to dogs in the sense of outsiders (Gentiles) in his encounter with the Canaanite woman.
Cultural Context: Dogs in the ancient Near East were often viewed as unclean scavengers, not pets as they are often seen today.
Likely Symbolic Meaning: Dogs often symbolize uncleanliness, scavenging, and sometimes enemies or outsiders.
Name: Donkey/Ass
Biblical Appearance: Numbers 22:21-39, Judges 15:15-16, Zechariah 9:9, Matthew 21:1-11, John 12:14
Associated Story / Event: Balaam’s donkey famously speaks to him, rebuking him. In a vastly different setting, Jesus rides into Jerusalem on a donkey, fulfilling a prophecy and symbolizing his peaceful mission.
Cultural Context: Donkeys were common work animals, used for riding, carrying loads, and other tasks.
Likely Symbolic Meaning: The donkey symbolizes humility, peace, and service. Jesus’ choice of a donkey for his triumphal entry contrasts with the warhorses of earthly kings.
Name: Dove
Biblical Appearance: Genesis 8:8-12, Leviticus 12:8, Song of Solomon 2:14, 5:2, Isaiah 38:14, 59:11, 60:8, Matthew 3:16, 10:16, Mark 1:10, Luke 3:22, John 1:32, 2:16
Associated Story / Event: In Genesis, Noah sends out a dove from the ark, and it returns with an olive leaf, signaling the end of the flood. Later, in a scene of divine manifestation, at Jesus’ baptism, the Holy Spirit descends on him “like a dove.” Also mentioned as being sold in the temple.
Cultural Context: Doves were common birds, and their gentle nature was recognized. They were also used for sacrifices by those who could not afford a lamb.
Likely Symbolic Meaning: The dove is a prominent symbol of peace, innocence, and the Holy Spirit.
Name: Dragon
Biblical Appearance: Deuteronomy 32:33, Job 30:29, Psalm 44:19, 74:13, 91:13, 148:7, Isaiah 13:22, 27:1, 34:13, 35:7, 43:20, 51:9, Jeremiah 9:11, 10:22, 14:6, 49:33, 51:34, 37, Ezekiel 29:3, 32:2, Micah 1:8, Malachi 1:3, Revelation 12:3-17, 13:2-11, 16:13, 20:2
Associated Story / Event: The term “dragon” is used in various ways, sometimes referring to a large serpent or sea creature, sometimes to jackals, and sometimes as a symbol for Satan. In Revelation, the dragon is clearly identified with the devil.
Cultural Context: The concept of a dragon likely drew on ancient Near Eastern myths and legends of powerful, chaotic creatures.
Likely Symbolic Meaning: The dragon often represents chaos, evil, and opposition to God. In Revelation, it is a powerful symbol of Satan.
E
Name: Eagle
Biblical Appearance: Exodus 19:4, Deuteronomy 28:49, 32:11, Job 9:26, 39:27-30, Psalm 103:5, Isaiah 40:31, Jeremiah 4:13, 48:40, 49:22, Ezekiel 1:10, 10:14, 17:3, Daniel 4:33, 7:4, Hosea 8:1, Obadiah 1:4, Habakkuk 1:8, Matthew 24:28, Luke 17:37, Revelation 4:7, 8:13, 12:14
Associated Story / Event: God compares his deliverance of Israel to carrying them on eagles’ wings. Shifting to a promise of spiritual strength, Isaiah promises that those who wait on the Lord will “mount up with wings like eagles.” In yet another context, eagles appear in visions of prophets like Ezekiel, Daniel, and John.
Cultural Context: Eagles were known for their powerful flight, keen eyesight, and ability to soar to great heights.
Likely Symbolic Meaning: The eagle symbolizes strength, swiftness, majesty, God’s care, and divine judgment.
Name: Eagle Owl
Biblical Appearance: Leviticus 11:16, Deuteronomy 14:15
Associated Story / Event: Listed as one of the unclean birds not to be eaten.
Cultural Context: Likely a nocturnal bird of prey, possibly associated with desolate places.
Likely Symbolic Meaning: Probably represents uncleanness due to its predatory nature or nocturnal habits.
Name: Egyptian Vulture
Biblical Appearance: Leviticus 11:18
Associated Story / Event: Listed among unclean birds.
Cultural Context: A type of vulture known for scavenging.
Likely Symbolic Meaning: Represents uncleanness in the context of the dietary laws.
F
Name: Falcon
Biblical Appearance: Leviticus 11:14
Associated Story / Event: Mentioned in the list of unclean birds.
Cultural Context: Likely refers to a type of hawk or falcon, known for its swift flight and hunting prowess.
Likely Symbolic Meaning: Probably represents uncleanness due to its predatory nature.
Name: Fish
Biblical Appearance: Numerous, including Exodus 7:18, Numbers 11:5, Nehemiah 13:16, Jonah 1-4, Matthew 4:18-22, 14:13-21, 15:36, 17:24-27, Luke 5:1-11, 9:13-16, 24:42-43, John 6:9-13, 21:1-14
Associated Story / Event: Jonah is swallowed by a “great fish.” On a different note, Jesus performs miracles involving fish, such as feeding the multitudes and the miraculous catch of fish. He calls his disciples to be “fishers of men.”
Cultural Context: Fish were a significant food source in the region, especially around the Sea of Galilee.
Likely Symbolic Meaning: Fish represent abundance, provision, and the sea. In the New Testament, they also symbolize people and evangelism. The fish became a secret symbol for early Christians.
Name: Flea
Biblical Appearance: 1 Samuel 24:14, 26:20
Associated Story / Event: David uses the flea to describe himself to King Saul, emphasizing his own insignificance and harmlessness in comparison to the king.
Cultural Context: Fleas were common pests, known for being small and irritating.
Likely Symbolic Meaning: The flea symbolizes insignificance and humility.
Name: Fly
Biblical Appearance: Exodus 8:20-32, Psalm 78:45, 105:31, Ecclesiastes 10:1, Isaiah 7:18
Associated Story / Event: Flies are one of the plagues sent upon Egypt in Exodus. Turning to a proverb, Ecclesiastes uses the image of a dead fly ruining ointment to illustrate how a little folly can spoil wisdom.
Cultural Context: Flies were common pests, often associated with disease and decay.
Likely Symbolic Meaning: Flies represent pestilence, annoyance, and sometimes enemy armies.
Name: Fox
Biblical Appearance: Judges 15:4-5, Nehemiah 4:3, Song of Solomon 2:15, Lamentations 5:18, Ezekiel 13:4, Luke 13:32
Associated Story / Event: Samson uses foxes in an act of revenge against the Philistines. On another note, Jesus refers to Herod as a “fox,” implying his cunning and destructive nature.
Cultural Context: Foxes were known for their slyness and were sometimes seen as pests that could damage vineyards.
Likely Symbolic Meaning: The fox symbolizes cunning, destructiveness, and desolation.
Name: Frog
Biblical Appearance: Exodus 8:2-14, Psalm 78:45, 105:30, Revelation 16:13
Associated Story / Event: Frogs are another of the plagues sent upon Egypt in Exodus. In Revelation, unclean spirits like frogs come out of the mouths of the dragon, the beast, and the false prophet.
Cultural Context: Frogs were common amphibians, especially near water sources.
Likely Symbolic Meaning: Frogs, in the context of the plagues, represent divine judgment. In Revelation, they symbolize unclean and deceptive spirits.
G
Name: Gazelle
Biblical Appearance: Deuteronomy 12:15, 22, 14:5, 15:22, 1 Kings 4:23, Proverbs 6:5, Song of Solomon 2:7, 9, 17, 3:5, 8:14, Isaiah 13:14
Associated Story / Event: Gazelles are listed among the clean animals that can be eaten. They are also mentioned as part of Solomon’s provisions. The Song of Solomon uses the gazelle to symbolize beauty, grace and swiftness.
Cultural Context: Gazelles were known for their speed and agility and were hunted for food.
Likely Symbolic Meaning: The gazelle often symbolizes beauty, grace, swiftness, and elusiveness.
Name: Gecko
Biblical Appearance: Leviticus 11:30
Associated Story / Event: The gecko is listed among the unclean creeping things.
Cultural Context: Geckos are small lizards common in the region. The specific type of lizard is uncertain.
Likely Symbolic Meaning: Represents uncleanness in the context of the dietary laws.
Name: Gnat
Biblical Appearance: Exodus 8:16-18, Psalm 105:31, Matthew 23:24
Associated Story / Event: Gnats are one of the plagues sent upon Egypt. Jesus uses the gnat as an example of something small that the Pharisees meticulously strain out of their drinks while ignoring greater matters of the law.
Cultural Context: Gnats are tiny, flying insects, often considered pests.
Likely Symbolic Meaning: Gnats can represent minor irritations or insignificant matters.
Name: Goat
Biblical Appearance: Numerous, including Genesis 15:9, 27:9, 37:31, Leviticus 4:23, 9:3, 16:5-22, Numbers 15:24-26, Daniel 8:5-8, Matthew 25:31-46
Associated Story / Event: Goats were used in various sacrifices, including the Day of Atonement, where one goat was sacrificed and another (the scapegoat) was sent into the wilderness, carrying the sins of the people. Switching to an eschatological image, Jesus uses the image of separating sheep and goats to illustrate the final judgment.
Cultural Context: Goats were important livestock, providing milk, meat, and hides. They were also used in religious rituals.
Likely Symbolic Meaning: The goat symbolizes sacrifice, sin-bearing, and sometimes the wicked or stubborn. The scapegoat ritual is particularly significant in its symbolism of atonement and the removal of sin.
Name: Grasshopper
Biblical Appearance: Leviticus 11:22, Numbers 13:33, Judges 6:5, 7:12, Job 39:20, Isaiah 40:22, Nahum 3:17
Associated Story / Event: Certain types of grasshoppers are deemed clean for eating in Leviticus. In Numbers, the spies compare themselves to grasshoppers in relation to the inhabitants of Canaan. Isaiah uses the image of humans as grasshoppers before God to emphasize His greatness.
Cultural Context: Grasshoppers are common insects. They are different from locusts, though sometimes grouped together in translations.
Likely Symbolic Meaning: Grasshoppers can represent insignificance or weakness in comparison to something greater.
Name: Great Fish
Biblical Appearance: Jonah 1:17
Associated Story / Event: This refers to the large fish that swallowed Jonah after he ran away from God’s command to go to Nineveh. The Hebrew term can also mean “large sea creature.” Jonah’s prayer from inside the fish (Jonah 2) is an important part of the story.
Cultural Context: The story of Jonah was likely written sometime after the Babylonian exile. In ancient Near Eastern cultures, large sea creatures were often linked to chaos and the unknown. The sea itself was often seen as dangerous and unpredictable. People in the Mediterranean world would understand the idea of the sea and its dangers. Being swallowed and surviving inside a large fish would have been seen as a sign of God’s intervention.
Likely Symbolic Meaning: While understandings differ, the great fish generally represents God’s power over nature and his ability to use unusual ways to achieve his goals, such as turning Jonah back to his mission. The event also highlights themes of repentance, God’s judgment, and his mercy.
Name: Great Owl
Biblical Appearance: Leviticus 11:17, Deuteronomy 14:16
Associated Story / Event: Listed among the unclean birds not to be eaten.
Cultural Context: Likely a nocturnal bird of prey.
Likely Symbolic Meaning: Probably represents uncleanness in the context of the dietary laws.
H
Name: Hare
Biblical Appearance: Leviticus 11:6, Deuteronomy 14:7
Associated Story / Event: The hare is listed among the animals that the Israelites are forbidden to eat.
Cultural Context: The hare was considered an unclean animal under the Mosaic Law. The exact reasons for this are debated but may relate to its chewing habits or other characteristics.
Likely Symbolic Meaning: The hare, in the context of the dietary laws, represents uncleanness.
Name: Hawk
Biblical Appearance: Leviticus 11:16, Deuteronomy 14:15, Job 39:26
Associated Story / Event: Hawks are listed among the birds not to be eaten. In Job, the hawk’s migratory instinct is presented as an example of God’s wisdom in nature.
Cultural Context: Several species of hawks, known for their sharp eyesight and hunting prowess, were common in the ancient Near East. As birds of prey, they were likely considered unclean due to their consumption of carrion and other animals deemed ritually impure.
Likely Symbolic Meaning: The hawk’s predatory nature likely led to its designation as unclean in the dietary laws. However, Job also presents the hawk as a testament to God’s wisdom in the natural order.
Name: Heron
Biblical Appearance: Leviticus 11:19, Deuteronomy 14:18
Associated Story / Event: Listed among the unclean birds.
Cultural Context: Herons are wading birds, often found near water.
Likely Symbolic Meaning: Probably represents uncleanness, possibly due to their habitat or diet.
Name: Hoopoe
Biblical Appearance: Leviticus 11:19, Deuteronomy 14:18
Associated Story / Event: Listed among the unclean birds. The exact identity of this bird is uncertain.
Cultural Context: The hoopoe is a distinctive bird with a crest, known for its peculiar habits.
Likely Symbolic Meaning: Represents uncleanness in the context of the dietary laws.
Name: Horse
Biblical Appearance: Numerous, including Exodus 14:9-28, 15:1-21, Deuteronomy 17:16, Judges 5:22, 2 Samuel 8:4, 1 Kings 4:26, 10:26-29, 2 Kings 2:11, 23:11, Esther 6:8-11, Job 39:19-25, Psalm 20:7, 33:17, 147:10, Proverbs 21:31, Isaiah 31:1-3, Jeremiah 4:13, 8:6, 12:5, 50:37-42, 51:21, Ezekiel 26:7-11, Daniel 11:40, Hosea 14:3, Joel 2:4, Habakkuk 1:8, 3:15, Zechariah 1:8-11, 6:1-8, 9:10, 10:3, 12:4, 14:20, Revelation 6:1-8, 9:16-19, 19:11-21, 19:14
Associated Story / Event: Horses are frequently associated with chariots and warfare, such as in the Exodus and the conquests of various kings. Turning to apocalyptic literature, the Book of Revelation features the Four Horsemen of the Apocalypse, each riding a different colored horse representing conquest, war, famine, and death.
Cultural Context: Horses were not native to ancient Israel and were primarily used in warfare. They were a symbol of military might and were often associated with foreign powers.
Likely Symbolic Meaning: The horse symbolizes warfare, strength, and pride. It often represents human might in contrast to reliance on God. The colors of the horses in Revelation add further symbolic meaning to the depiction of the four horsemen.
Name: Hyena
Biblical Appearance: Isaiah 13:22, 34:14, Jeremiah 50:39
Associated Story / Event: The hyena is used in some translations to describe desolate places and ruins. The Hebrew word is uncertain and may refer to other wild animals, such as jackals.
Cultural Context: Hyenas are scavengers and were likely associated with ruins and abandoned places.
Likely Symbolic Meaning: Likely symbolizes desolation, ruin, and possibly uncleanness.
Name: Hyrax
Biblical Appearance: Leviticus 11:5, Deuteronomy 14:7, Psalm 104:18, Proverbs 30:26
Associated Story / Event: Listed as an unclean animal, the hyrax is described as a small, rock-dwelling creature. Proverbs calls them “feeble folk” that make their homes in the crags.
Cultural Context: The hyrax, also known as a rock badger, is a small mammal found in rocky areas.
Likely Symbolic Meaning: Represents uncleanness in the dietary laws, but also resourcefulness and wisdom as suggested in Proverbs.
K
Name: Kite
Biblical Appearance: Leviticus 11:14, Deuteronomy 14:13, Job 28:7
Associated Story / Event: Listed among the unclean birds of prey.
Cultural Context: Kites are birds of prey, known for their soaring flight.
Likely Symbolic Meaning: Probably represents uncleanness due to its predatory nature.
L
Name: Lamb
Biblical Appearance: Exodus 12:1-51, 29:38-46, Leviticus 14:10-32, 2 Samuel 12:1-6, Isaiah 53:7, Jeremiah 11:19, John 1:29, 36, Revelation 5:6-14, 6:16, 7:9-17, 14:1-10, 17:14, 21:9, 22-27, 22:1-3
Associated Story / Event: Lambs were central to the Passover ritual, where a lamb was sacrificed and its blood was used to mark the doorposts of Israelite homes, protecting them from the final plague in Egypt. In a different vein, Nathan tells a parable to David in which a poor man’s only lamb features prominently. Isaiah 53 describes the suffering servant as a lamb led to the slaughter. Shifting to the New Testament, John the Baptist calls Jesus the “Lamb of God who takes away the sin of the world.” Finally, in the book of Revelation, the Lamb is a central figure, representing Jesus as both a sacrificial offering and a victorious king.
Cultural Context: Lambs were common livestock and were considered pure and gentle animals. They were frequently used in sacrifices.
Likely Symbolic Meaning: The lamb symbolizes innocence, purity, sacrifice, and redemption. In the New Testament, Jesus is identified as the ultimate sacrificial Lamb, fulfilling the symbolism of the Old Testament sacrifices.
Name: Leech
Biblical Appearance: Proverbs 30:15
Associated Story / Event: Proverbs mentions the leech as having two daughters, crying “Give! Give!”, illustrating insatiable greed.
Cultural Context: Leeches are blood-sucking creatures, often found in water.
Likely Symbolic Meaning: The leech symbolizes greed and insatiable desire.
Name: Leopard
Biblical Appearance: Isaiah 11:6, Jeremiah 5:6, 13:23, Daniel 7:6, Hosea 13:7, Habakkuk 1:8, Revelation 13:2
Associated Story / Event: Isaiah 11:6 paints a picture of the peaceable kingdom where the leopard will lie down with the kid (young goat). Jeremiah uses the leopard’s spots as a metaphor for ingrained sin. Shifting to apocalyptic visions, Daniel sees a leopard with four wings, representing a swift and powerful empire.
Cultural Context: Leopards were known for their speed, agility, and spotted coats. They were predators that posed a threat to livestock and sometimes humans.
Likely Symbolic Meaning: The leopard symbolizes speed, agility, and sometimes danger or a predatory nature. The unchanging nature of its spots is used to illustrate the difficulty of changing ingrained habits or character.
Name: Leviathan
Biblical Appearance: Job 3:8, 41:1-34, Psalm 74:14, 104:26, Isaiah 27:1
Associated Story / Event: Job 41 provides an extended description of the leviathan as a powerful sea creature that cannot be captured or tamed by humans. It is used to demonstrate God’s power over creation. Some interpretations see it as a crocodile or whale, while others view it as a mythical sea monster.
Cultural Context: The description of the leviathan likely draws on ancient Near Eastern myths of sea monsters representing chaos.
Likely Symbolic Meaning: The leviathan symbolizes the power and might of God’s creation and his ultimate control over chaos and evil.
Name: Lion
Biblical Appearance: Numerous, including Genesis 49:9, Numbers 23:24, 24:9, Judges 14:5-18, 1 Samuel 17:34-37, 2 Samuel 1:23, 17:10, 23:20, 1 Kings 13:24-28, 20:36, 2 Kings 17:25-26, 1 Chronicles 11:22, 12:8, Psalm 7:2, 10:9, 17:12, 22:13, 21, 57:4, 91:13, 104:21, Proverbs 19:12, 20:2, 28:1-2, 15, 28, 30:30, Isaiah 5:29, 11:6-7, 15:9, 21:8, 30:6, 31:4, 35:9, 38:13, 65:25, Jeremiah 2:15, 30, 4:7, 5:6, 12:8, 25:38, 49:19, 50:17, 44, 51:38, Ezekiel 1:10, 10:14, 19:1-9, 22:25, 32:2, 38:13, Daniel 6, 7:4, Joel 1:6, Amos 1:2, 3:4, 8, 12, 5:19, Micah 5:8, Nahum 2:11-13, Zephaniah 3:3, Zechariah 11:3, 1 Peter 5:8, Revelation 4:7, 5:5, 9:8, 17, 10:3, 13:2
Associated Story / Event: Samson famously kills a lion with his bare hands. In a different context, David also fought lions while protecting his sheep. Daniel is thrown into a den of lions but is miraculously delivered. Turning to prophetic literature, the lion is used as an image for both God and his enemies. Finally, in the New Testament, Peter compares the devil to a roaring lion seeking someone to devour. In Revelation, Jesus is called the “Lion of the tribe of Judah.”
Cultural Context: Lions were the apex predators of the region and were symbols of strength, courage, and royalty.
Likely Symbolic Meaning: The lion symbolizes strength, courage, royalty, and judgment. It can also represent both positive (Jesus) and negative (Satan) forces, depending on the context.
Name: Lizard (common sand lizard)
Biblical Appearance: Leviticus 11:30
Associated Story / Event: Listed among the unclean creeping things.
Cultural Context: Various types of lizards were common in the region.
Likely Symbolic Meaning: Represents uncleanness in the context of the dietary laws.
Name: Locust
Biblical Appearance: Exodus 10:4-19, Deuteronomy 28:38, 42, Judges 6:5, 7:12, 1 Kings 8:37, 2 Chronicles 6:28, 7:13, Psalm 78:46, 105:34, 109:23, Proverbs 30:27, Joel 1:4, 2:25, Amos 4:9, 7:1, Nahum 3:15-17, Matthew 3:4, Mark 1:6, Revelation 9:3-11
Associated Story / Event: Locusts are one of the plagues of Egypt. The book of Joel describes a devastating locust invasion as a judgment from God, and they are a food source for John the Baptist. In a completely different setting, in Revelation, locusts are part of a terrifying apocalyptic vision.
Cultural Context: Locust swarms were a real and devastating threat to agriculture in the ancient Near East, capable of stripping fields bare and causing famine.
Likely Symbolic Meaning: Locusts symbolize destruction, plague, vast numbers, and sometimes human insignificance before God.
M
Name: Maggot
Biblical Appearance: Exodus 16:20, Job 7:5, 25:6, Isaiah 14:11, 41:14, Mark 9:48
Associated Story / Event: Maggots, often associated with decay, appear in manna that was kept overnight contrary to God’s instructions. Job uses the maggot as a symbol of his own mortality and decay.
Cultural Context: Maggots are the larvae of flies and were commonly seen in decaying matter.
Likely Symbolic Meaning: Maggots represent death, decay, and the frailty of human life.
Name: Mole Rat
Biblical Appearance: Leviticus 11:29
Associated Story / Event: Listed among the unclean creeping things.
Cultural Context: The exact animal referred to is uncertain, but it likely refers to a burrowing rodent.
Likely Symbolic Meaning: Represents uncleanness in the context of the dietary laws.
Name: Monitor Lizard
Biblical Appearance: Leviticus 11:30
Associated Story / Event: Listed among the unclean creeping things.
Cultural Context: Monitor lizards are large lizards found in various parts of the world.
Likely Symbolic Meaning: Represents uncleanness in the context of the dietary laws.
Name: Moth
Biblical Appearance: Job 4:19, 13:28, 27:18, Psalm 39:11, Isaiah 50:9, 51:8, Hosea 5:12, Matthew 6:19-20, Luke 12:33, James 5:2
Associated Story / Event: The moth is used in several passages to symbolize fragility, impermanence, and destruction. Job compares humans to moths crushed by God. Shifting to a practical lesson, Jesus warns against storing up treasures on earth where moth and rust destroy.
Cultural Context: Moths were known for damaging clothing and other materials made of fabric.
Likely Symbolic Meaning: The moth symbolizes the destructive power of time, impermanence, and the futility of placing too much value on material possessions.
Name: Mountain Sheep
Biblical Appearance: Deuteronomy 14:5
Associated Story / Event: Listed among the clean animals permitted to be eaten.
Cultural Context: Likely refers to a type of wild sheep inhabiting mountainous regions.
Likely Symbolic Meaning: No particular symbolic meaning, other than being a permitted food.
Name: Mourning Dove
Biblical Appearance: Isaiah 38:14, 59:11
Associated Story / Event: The mourning dove’s call is used as a metaphor for lament and sorrow.
Cultural Context: Doves and pigeons were known for their cooing sounds.
Likely Symbolic Meaning: Represents sorrow, mourning, and lament.
Name: Mule
Biblical Appearance: 2 Samuel 13:29, 18:9, 1 Kings 1:33-44, 10:25, 18:5, 2 Kings 5:17, 1 Chronicles 12:40, 2 Chronicles 9:24, Ezra 2:66, Nehemiah 7:68, Psalm 32:9, Isaiah 66:20, Zechariah 14:15
Associated Story / Event: Mules are mentioned as animals used for riding, especially by royalty and officials. Absalom, David’s son, was riding a mule when he was killed. In a different setting, King Solomon rode on a mule on the day he was anointed king.
Cultural Context: Mules, the offspring of a horse and a donkey, were valued for their strength, endurance, and sure-footedness.
Likely Symbolic Meaning: Mules represent a hybrid of strength and endurance, often associated with royalty or those in positions of authority.
O
Name: Ostrich
Biblical Appearance: Leviticus 11:16, Deuteronomy 14:15, Job 30:29, 39:13-18, Lamentations 4:3, Micah 1:8
Associated Story / Event: The ostrich is described in Job as a swift but foolish bird that neglects its eggs. Lamentations contrasts the ostrich’s supposed lack of care for its young with the cruelty of God’s people.
Cultural Context: Ostriches were among the largest birds in the region and were known for their speed and unusual behavior.
Likely Symbolic Meaning: The ostrich can symbolize foolishness or lack of natural affection, though it’s also acknowledged for its speed.
Name: Owl (tawny, little, short-eared, great-horned, desert)
Biblical Appearance: Leviticus 11:16-18, Deuteronomy 14:15-17, Psalm 102:6, Isaiah 13:21, 34:11, 13-15, Jeremiah 50:39, Zephaniah 2:14
Associated Story / Event: Owls are generally listed among unclean birds. Different translations use various terms, sometimes making specific identification difficult (e.g., “screech owl,” “great owl,” “little owl”). Shifting the tone, Isaiah and other prophets use owls in descriptions of desolation and judgment upon cities or nations.
Cultural Context: Owls were likely associated with ruins, desolate places, and the night. Their nocturnal habits and sometimes eerie calls may have contributed to their being viewed with a degree of fear or superstition.
Likely Symbolic Meaning: Owls often symbolize desolation, ruin, and uncleanness.
Name: Ox
Biblical Appearance: See Bull/Ox (above)
Associated Story / Event: (See Bull/Ox)
Cultural Context: (See Bull/Ox)
Likely Symbolic Meaning: (See Bull/Ox)
P
Name: Partridge
Biblical Appearance: 1 Samuel 26:20, Jeremiah 17:11
Associated Story / Event: David compares himself to a partridge hunted in the mountains, highlighting his vulnerability. In a different setting, Jeremiah compares a person who gathers wealth unjustly to a partridge that hatches eggs it did not lay.
Cultural Context: Partridges were game birds known for their elusive nature.
Likely Symbolic Meaning: The partridge symbolizes vulnerability and, in Jeremiah, the futility of ill-gotten gains.
Name: Peacock
Biblical Appearance: 1 Kings 10:22, 2 Chronicles 9:21
Associated Story / Event: Peacocks are mentioned as being among the exotic goods imported by King Solomon.
Cultural Context: Peacocks were not native to the region and were likely imported for their beautiful plumage.
Likely Symbolic Meaning: Peacocks likely symbolized luxury, wealth, and exotic beauty.
Name: Pig/Swine
Biblical Appearance: Leviticus 11:7, Deuteronomy 14:8, Proverbs 11:22, Isaiah 65:4, 66:3, 17, Matthew 7:6, 8:30-32, Mark 5:11-16, Luke 8:32-33, 15:15-16, 2 Peter 2:22
Associated Story / Event: Pigs are declared unclean in the dietary laws. In the New Testament, Jesus casts demons into a herd of pigs. On a separate note, the prodigal son ends up feeding pigs, a degrading job for a Jewish person. Finally, Peter uses the image of a washed sow returning to the mud to describe those who turn away from the truth.
Cultural Context: Pigs were considered unclean animals by the Israelites and were not raised for food or used in sacrifices.
Likely Symbolic Meaning: Pigs symbolize uncleanness and, in some contexts, degradation or a return to sinful ways.
Name: Pigeon
Biblical Appearance: Genesis 15:9, Leviticus 1:14, 5:7, 11, 12:6, 8, 14:22, 30, 15:14, 29, Numbers 6:10, Luke 2:24
Associated Story / Event: Pigeons (often mentioned alongside doves) were acceptable sacrifices in the Old Testament, especially for those who could not afford a lamb.
Cultural Context: Pigeons were common birds and were more affordable than other sacrificial animals.
Likely Symbolic Meaning: Pigeons, like doves, could symbolize peace or innocence, but in the context of sacrifices, they primarily represent an offering to God.
Q
Name: Quail
Biblical Appearance: Exodus 16:13, Numbers 11:31-34, Psalm 78:27, 105:40
Associated Story / Event: God miraculously provides quail for the Israelites to eat in the wilderness. However, in Numbers 11, the people’s greed and complaining lead to a plague.
Cultural Context: Quail are migratory birds that were known to fly in large flocks, making them relatively easy to catch.
Likely Symbolic Meaning: Quail represent God’s provision, but the story in Numbers also serves as a warning against greed and ingratitude.
R
Name: Ram
Biblical Appearance: Genesis 15:9, 22:13, Exodus 25:5, 26:14, 29:1-35, 35:7, 23, 36:19, 39:34, Leviticus 5:15-18, 8:2-36, 9:2-4, 16:3-5, 19:21, 23:18, Numbers 5:8, 6:12-21, 7:15-87, 15:6-11, 23:1-30, 28:11-29:39, Ezekiel 40:21-39, 41:22-25, 42:13, 43:22-27, 45:23-24, 46:4-11, Daniel 8:3-20
Associated Story / Event: Rams were frequently used in sacrifices in the Old Testament. Abraham sacrifices a ram caught in a thicket instead of his son Isaac. Turning to a prophetic vision, Daniel sees a ram representing the Medo-Persian Empire.
Cultural Context: Rams were important male sheep, used for breeding and for their wool, meat, and as sacrifices.
Likely Symbolic Meaning: The ram symbolizes strength, leadership, and sacrifice.
Name: Rat
Biblical Appearance: Leviticus 11:29, 1 Samuel 6:4-18, Isaiah 2:20, 66:17
Associated Story / Event: Rats are listed among unclean animals. In 1 Samuel, the Philistines are afflicted with tumors (possibly associated with rats or mice) and send golden images of rats as a guilt offering.
Cultural Context: Rats were common pests, often associated with disease and uncleanness.
Likely Symbolic Meaning: Rats typically represent uncleanness, disease, and sometimes divine judgment.
Name: Raven
Biblical Appearance: Genesis 8:7, Leviticus 11:15, Deuteronomy 14:14, 1 Kings 17:4-6, Job 38:41, Psalm 147:9, Song of Solomon 5:11, Isaiah 34:11, Luke 12:24
Associated Story / Event: Noah sends out a raven from the ark after the flood, but it does not return. In a different setting, ravens feed the prophet Elijah during a time of drought. Yet, they are listed among unclean birds and are associated with desolate places in Isaiah. Finally, Jesus uses ravens as an example of God’s provision.
Cultural Context: Ravens were large, black birds known for their intelligence and scavenging habits.
Likely Symbolic Meaning: Ravens have varied symbolism. They can represent uncleanness, desolation, or, as in the story of Elijah, God’s provision.
Name: Rodent
Biblical Appearance: Isaiah 2:20
Associated Story / Event: Isaiah mentions rodents in a passage about idols being cast away “to the moles and to the bats”. Likely refers to various small mammals, including rats and mice.
Cultural Context: Rodents were common pests.
Likely Symbolic Meaning: Associated with darkness, abandonment, and possibly uncleanness.
Name: Roe Deer
Biblical Appearance: Deuteronomy 12:15, 22, 14:5, 15:22, 1 Kings 4:23
Associated Story / Event: The roe deer is listed among the clean animals that may be eaten and is mentioned as part of the provisions for Solomon’s table.
Cultural Context: Roe deer are a type of small deer, known for their agility.
Likely Symbolic Meaning: No particular symbolic meaning beyond being a permitted food.
Name: Rooster
Biblical Appearance: Matthew 26:34, 74-75, Mark 13:35, 14:30, 68-72, Luke 22:34, 60-61, John 13:38, 18:27
Associated Story / Event: The rooster’s crowing is significant in the story of Peter’s denial of Jesus. Jesus predicts that Peter will deny him three times before the rooster crows.
Cultural Context: Roosters were common domestic fowl, known for their crowing at dawn.
Likely Symbolic Meaning: The rooster’s crowing symbolizes a specific time marker and, in the context of Peter’s denial, serves as a reminder of Jesus’ prediction and Peter’s failure.
S
Name: Scorpion
Biblical Appearance: Deuteronomy 8:15, 1 Kings 12:11, 14, 2 Chronicles 10:11, 14, Ezekiel 2:6, Luke 10:19, 11:12, Revelation 9:3, 5, 10
Associated Story / Event: Scorpions are mentioned as one of the dangers of the wilderness in Deuteronomy. Rehoboam uses scorpions as a metaphor for harsh punishment. In a different context, Jesus gives his disciples authority over scorpions (and serpents), symbolizing power over evil. Revelation features scorpion-like creatures in a vision of judgment.
Cultural Context: Scorpions were venomous creatures found in the region, and their sting could be painful and sometimes dangerous.
Likely Symbolic Meaning: Scorpions symbolize danger, pain, and sometimes evil or demonic forces.
Name: Seagull
Biblical Appearance: Leviticus 11:16, Deuteronomy 14:15
Associated Story / Event: Seagulls are listed among the unclean birds.
Cultural Context: Seagulls are birds commonly found near coastlines.
Likely Symbolic Meaning: Represent uncleanness in the context of the dietary laws.
Name: Serpent
Biblical Appearance: Genesis 3:1-15, Exodus 4:3, 7:9-15, Numbers 21:6-9, Deuteronomy 8:15, 2 Kings 18:4, Isaiah 14:29, 27:1, Jeremiah 8:17, Amos 5:19, 9:3, Micah 7:17, Matthew 7:10, 10:16, 23:33, Mark 16:18, Luke 10:19, 11:11, John 3:14, 1 Corinthians 10:9, 2 Corinthians 11:3, Revelation 9:19, 12:9-17, 20:2
Associated Story / Event: The serpent in the Garden of Eden tempts Eve to disobey God. In a different context, Moses’ staff turns into a serpent as a sign from God. Later, God instructs Moses to make a bronze serpent to heal the Israelites from snakebites. In the New Testament, Jesus refers to himself in this context, being lifted up like the bronze serpent. Finally, the serpent or “dragon” is identified with Satan in Revelation.
Cultural Context: Serpents were common in the region, and some were venomous. They were often associated with danger and chaos in ancient Near Eastern cultures.
Likely Symbolic Meaning: The serpent often symbolizes temptation, evil, and chaos, as seen in the Genesis account and its identification with Satan in Revelation. However, the bronze serpent in Numbers introduces a contrasting theme: healing and salvation. This dual symbolism highlights the serpent as both a representation of humanity’s fall and God’s provision for redemption.
Name: Sheep
Biblical Appearance: Numerous, including Genesis 4:2, 12:16, 13:5, 20:14, 21:27-30, 22:7-8, 24:35, 26:14, 29:2-10, 30:31-43, 31:19, 38, 32:7, 14, 33:13, 34:28, 37:12-17, 31, 38:12-13, 17, 20, 46:32, 47:1-4, 17, Exodus 9:3, 10:9, 24, 12:3-6, 21, 32, 37-38, 13:12-13, 21:28, 37, 22:1-14, 30, 34:3, 19-20, 35:23, Leviticus 1:10, 3:6-12, 4:32-35, 5:5-7, 15-18, 6:6, 7:23-29, 9:3-4, 12:6, 8, 14:10-32, 17:3-4, 19:20-22, 22:19, 21-28, 23:12, 18-19, 27:26, 32, Numbers 5:8, 6:12-14, 7:15-88, 15:3-11, 18:17, 28:4, 9-11, 19-27, 29:2-38, 31:26-47, 32:1, 4, 16, 24, 36, Deuteronomy 12:6, 15, 17, 21, 14:4, 26, 15:19, 17:1, 18:3, 26:2, 32:14, Joshua 6:4, 21, 7:15, 21, 8:31-32, 22:8, Judges 5:16, 6:4, 20:40, 48, 1 Samuel 11:4-5, 7, 13:2, 14:24-34, 15:2-22, 16:11, 19-20, 17:15, 17, 34-40, 22:19, 24:3, 25:2-18, 36, 26:20, 27:9, 30:20, 2 Samuel 6:13, 7:8, 12:1-6, 17:28-29, 24:17, 1 Kings 1:9, 19, 25, 4:23, 8:5, 63, 20:27, 29, 22:17, 2 Kings 3:4, 1 Chronicles 5:9, 18-21, 12:40, 21:16-17, 27:31, 29:21-24, 2 Chronicles 5:6, 7:4-5, 15:11, 17:11, 18:2, 16, 29:22, 31-35, 30:17, 24-25, 31:4-6, 35:7-14, Ezra 1:6, 6:9, 17, 7:17, 8:35, 10:19, Nehemiah 3:1, 32, 4:2, 5:7-18, 10:34, 36, 12:43, 13:15, Job 1:3, 14-17, 2:7, 42:12, Psalm 8:7, 44:11, 22, 49:14, 65:13, 74:1, 78:52, 79:13, 80:1, 95:7, 100:3, 107:41, 114:4, 6, 119:176, 144:13, Proverbs 27:23, 26-27, 30:31, Ecclesiastes 9:4, 12:11, Song of Solomon 1:7-8, 2:7, 9, 12, 16-17, 4:1-2, 5:11, 6:5-6, 7:3, Isaiah 1:3, 11, 31, 5:17, 7:21-25, 11:6, 13:14, 20, 14:11, 16:1-2, 14, 17:2, 6, 22:13, 27:10, 30:6, 23-24, 32:14, 34:6-7, 40:11, 43:23-24, 53:6-7, 60:7, 65:25, 66:3, Jeremiah 3:24, 5:8, 17, 10:20, 11:19, 12:3, 23:1-4, 25:34-38, 31:10, 12, 24, 49:20, 50:6-8, 17-19, 45, 51:40, Lamentations 1:6, 4:3, Ezekiel 27:21, 34:2-31, 39:18, 45:15, Daniel 8:3-7, Hosea 2:18, 4:16, 13:8, Joel 1:18, 20, 2:22, Amos 6:12, Jonah 3:7-8, Micah 2:12, 4:8, 5:7-8, 7:14, Nahum 3:18, Habakkuk 3:17, Zephaniah 2:6-7, 14-15, Haggai 2:12, Zechariah 7:5-6, 9:16, 10:3, 11:3-17, 13:5, 7-9, 14:15, Malachi 1:3, 8, 14, 3:8-10, Matthew 7:15, 9:36, 10:6, 16, 12:11-12, 15:24, 26, 18:12-14, 25:32-33, 26:31, Mark 5:11-13, 6:34, 14:27, Luke 2:8, 15, 20, 15:4-7, John 2:14-15, 10:1-18, 26-30, 21:15-17, Acts 8:32, Romans 8:36, 1 Corinthians 9:9, Hebrews 9:12-14, 19, 1 Peter 1:19, 2:25, Revelation 5:5-14
Associated Story / Event: Sheep are the most frequently mentioned animals in the Bible. They are central to the sacrificial system, used for food and clothing, and are a primary symbol of God’s people. Abel was a keeper of sheep. Abraham, Isaac, Jacob, Moses, and David all tended flocks. Shifting to the New Testament, Jesus is called the “Good Shepherd” and his followers are called his “flock.”
Cultural Context: Sheep were the most important livestock in ancient Israel. Their wool was used for clothing, their milk and meat for food, and they were essential for sacrifices.
Likely Symbolic Meaning: Sheep symbolize God’s people, often representing those who are vulnerable, dependent, and in need of guidance. Jesus as the Good Shepherd highlights his role as protector, provider, and leader.
Name: Short-eared Owl
Biblical Appearance: Leviticus 11:16, Deuteronomy 14:15
Associated Story / Event: Listed among unclean birds.
Cultural Context: A type of owl.
Likely Symbolic Meaning: Represents uncleanness in the context of the dietary laws.
Name: Snail
Biblical Appearance: Psalm 58:8
Associated Story / Event: Psalm 58:8, in some translations, uses the image of a snail that melts away to describe the fate of the wicked. However, there is uncertainty about the Hebrew word used here. Other translations have “miscarriage.”
Cultural Context: Snails were common in the region, particularly after rain.
Likely Symbolic Meaning: If “snail” is the correct translation, it likely symbolizes something that gradually disappears or wastes away.
Name: Snake
Biblical Appearance: Exodus 4:3, 7:15, Numbers 21:6-9, Proverbs 23:32, 30:19, Ecclesiastes 10:8, 11, Isaiah 11:8, 14:29, 27:1, 59:5, 65:25, Jeremiah 8:17, 46:22, Amos 5:19, Micah 7:17, Matthew 7:10, 10:16, 23:33, Mark 16:18, Luke 10:19, 11:11, John 3:14, 1 Corinthians 10:9
Associated Story / Event: See also Serpent, for more details. Moses’ staff transforms into a snake, and later he makes a bronze snake to heal those bitten by snakes in the wilderness. Snakes are also used as images of danger, judgment, and in the New Testament, Jesus refers to being lifted up like the bronze snake.
Cultural Context: Snakes were common, both venomous and non-venomous, and posed a real threat.
Likely Symbolic Meaning: Snakes often symbolize danger, temptation, and evil. The bronze snake incident adds a dimension of healing and salvation.
Name: Sparrow
Biblical Appearance: Psalm 84:3, 102:7, Matthew 10:29-31, Luke 12:6-7
Associated Story / Event: The Psalms mention sparrows finding a home near the altar of God. Shifting to the New Testament, Jesus uses sparrows to illustrate God’s care for even the smallest of creatures, emphasizing that humans are of much greater value.
Cultural Context: Sparrows were common, small birds, often considered insignificant.
Likely Symbolic Meaning: The sparrow symbolizes God’s care and attention to even the smallest and seemingly insignificant parts of creation.
Name: Spider
Biblical Appearance: Job 8:14, Isaiah 59:5-6
Associated Story / Event: Job’s companion Bildad compares a godless person’s hope to a spider’s web. In a different context, Isaiah uses spider webs as a metaphor for worthless and deceitful schemes.
Cultural Context: Spiders and their webs were commonly observed phenomena.
Likely Symbolic Meaning: The spider’s web often symbolizes fragility, deception, and the futility of human efforts without God.
Name: Stork
Biblical Appearance: Leviticus 11:19, Deuteronomy 14:18, Job 39:13, Psalm 104:17, Jeremiah 8:7, Zechariah 5:9
Associated Story / Event: The stork is listed among unclean birds. Jeremiah mentions the stork’s knowledge of its appointed seasons (migration). Zechariah features storks in a vision.
Cultural Context: Storks were migratory birds known for their large nests and distinctive appearance.
Likely Symbolic Meaning: The stork, in Jeremiah, represents an awareness of natural rhythms and, by contrast, highlights human ignorance of God’s ways.
Name: Swallow
Biblical Appearance: Psalm 84:3, Proverbs 26:2, Isaiah 38:14, Jeremiah 8:7
Associated Story / Event: The swallow, like the sparrow, is mentioned as finding a home near God’s altar in the Psalms. Isaiah and Jeremiah refer to the swallow’s distinctive cries or sounds. Jeremiah also mentions the swallow’s migratory instincts.
Cultural Context: Swallows were common migratory birds known for their swift flight and nesting habits.
Likely Symbolic Meaning: The swallow, like the sparrow, can symbolize finding refuge in God. Its migratory patterns, mentioned in Jeremiah, highlight an awareness of natural order.
Name: Swan
Biblical Appearance: Leviticus 11:18, Deuteronomy 14:16
Associated Story / Event: The “swan” is listed among unclean birds in some translations. However, the Hebrew word is difficult to identify with certainty, and other translations suggest different birds, such as the “white owl” or “water hen.”
Cultural Context: If “swan” is correct, it likely refers to a migratory water bird that would have been less common in the region.
Likely Symbolic Meaning: Given the uncertainty of the translation, it’s difficult to assign a specific symbolic meaning. In the context of the dietary laws, it represents uncleanness.
Name: Swine
Biblical Appearance: See Pig/Swine (above)
Associated Story / Event: (See Pig/Swine)
Cultural Context: (See Pig/Swine)
Likely Symbolic Meaning: (See Pig/Swine)
T
Name: Turtledove
Biblical Appearance: Genesis 15:9, Leviticus 1:14, 5:7, 11, 12:6, 8, 14:22, 30, 15:14, 29, Numbers 6:10, Psalm 74:19, Song of Solomon 2:12, Jeremiah 8:7, Luke 2:24
Associated Story / Event: Turtledoves were acceptable sacrifices in the Old Testament, especially for those who could not afford a lamb or goat. They are mentioned alongside pigeons in several passages. Jeremiah notes the turtledove’s migratory instincts. The Song of Solomon associates the turtledove’s voice with the arrival of spring.
Cultural Context: Turtledoves were migratory birds known for their distinctive cooing sound.
Likely Symbolic Meaning: The turtledove, like the dove, can symbolize peace, innocence, and the coming of spring (as in the Song of Solomon).
U
Name: Unicorn
Biblical Appearance: Numbers 23:22, 24:8, Deuteronomy 33:17, Job 39:9-10, Psalm 22:21, 29:6, 92:10, Isaiah 34:7
Associated Story / Event: The King James Version uses the word “unicorn” in several passages. Numbers 23:22 and 24:8 describe God bringing Israel out of Egypt with strength like that of a unicorn. Deuteronomy 33:17 compares Joseph’s firstborn bullock to a unicorn, possessing horns capable of pushing people together. Job 39:9-10 questions whether the unicorn can be used for agricultural labor. Psalm 22:21 pleads for deliverance from the mouth of the lion and the horns of the unicorn. Psalm 29:6 and 92:10 refer to the unicorn’s strength and its ability to lift up its horn. Finally, Isaiah 34:7 mentions unicorns coming down with other animals in a description of judgment. However, most modern translations render the Hebrew word (re’em) as “wild ox.” This is likely a more accurate translation.
Cultural Context: The re’em was likely a powerful and untamable animal, possibly the aurochs, a now-extinct species of wild cattle.
Likely Symbolic Meaning: If we consider the likely translation of “wild ox,” the animal symbolizes strength, untamability, and possibly a powerful force of nature.
V
Name: Viper
Biblical Appearance: Job 20:16, Isaiah 30:6, 59:5, Matthew 3:7, 12:34, 23:33, Luke 3:7, Acts 28:3-6
Associated Story / Event: Vipers are used metaphorically to symbolize evil and wickedness, particularly in the New Testament. John the Baptist and Jesus use “brood of vipers” as a strong rebuke to the Pharisees and Sadducees for their hypocrisy and malice (Matthew 3:7, 12:34; Luke 3:7). In Acts, a viper fastens onto Paul’s hand while he gathers firewood on the island of Malta. The locals expect him to die from the bite, but he suffers no harm, leading them to recognize God’s protection over him (Acts 28:3-6).
Cultural Context: Vipers were venomous snakes native to the Middle East, known for their deadly bites. They were common in arid and rocky environments and posed a significant danger to travelers and shepherds. In ancient literature, they were often associated with treachery due to their stealth and venomous nature.
Likely Symbolic Meaning: The viper symbolizes evil, hypocrisy, danger, and divine judgment. It is often used to illustrate the toxic effects of sin and the deceptive nature of wickedness. However, in the context of Acts, the incident with Paul underscores God’s sovereignty and protection.
Name: Vulture (griffon, carrion, bearded, and black)
Biblical Appearance: Leviticus 11:13-18, Deuteronomy 14:12-17, Job 28:7, Isaiah 34:15
Associated Story / Event: Various types of vultures are listed among the unclean birds. Isaiah mentions them in a description of desolation.
Cultural Context: Vultures are birds of prey known for scavenging on carcasses.
Likely Symbolic Meaning: Vultures often symbolize death, decay, and judgment. They contribute to imagery of desolation and ruin.
W
Name: Wild Goat
Biblical Appearance: Deuteronomy 14:5, 1 Samuel 24:2, Psalm 104:18, Job 39:1
Associated Story / Event: Wild goats are listed among the clean animals that may be eaten in Deuteronomy 14:5. In 1 Samuel 24:2, David hides in the strongholds of En Gedi, a region known for its wild goats, reflecting their association with rugged and remote terrain. Psalm 104:18 highlights their ability to find refuge in the high hills, and Job 39:1 emphasizes their wild nature and independence, noting that only God understands their habits and timing.
Cultural Context: Wild goats, likely referring to ibexes, were common in mountainous and rocky areas of the Middle East. Known for their incredible agility and ability to scale steep cliffs, they were both admired and associated with inaccessible, wild regions.
Likely Symbolic Meaning: Wild goats symbolize agility, sure-footedness, and a connection to untamed, remote places. Their ability to thrive in rugged terrain can also serve as a metaphor for resilience and independence.
Name: Wild Ox
Biblical Appearance: Numbers 23:22, 24:8, Deuteronomy 33:17, Job 39:9-12, Psalm 22:21, 29:6, 92:10, Isaiah 34:7
Associated Story / Event: This is the more accurate translation for the Hebrew word re’em, often translated as “unicorn” in the King James Version. See Unicorn (above) for the specific contexts.
Cultural Context: Likely the aurochs, a now-extinct species of wild cattle known for its strength and size.
Likely Symbolic Meaning: The wild ox symbolizes strength, power, and untamability.
Name: Wolf
Biblical Appearance: Genesis 49:27, Isaiah 11:6, 65:25, Jeremiah 5:6, Ezekiel 22:27, Zephaniah 3:3, Matthew 7:15, 10:16, Luke 10:3, John 10:12, Acts 20:29
Associated Story / Event: The wolf is often depicted as a predator and a threat to sheep, symbolizing danger and destruction. In Genesis 49:27, Benjamin is compared to a ravenous wolf, emphasizing his tribe’s ferocity. Isaiah prophesies a future time of peace when the wolf will dwell with the lamb (Isaiah 11:6, 65:25), symbolizing harmony under God’s reign. Jesus warns of false prophets who come in sheep’s clothing but inwardly are ravenous wolves (Matthew 7:15) and contrasts the good shepherd with the hireling who abandons the sheep when a wolf comes (John 10:12).
Cultural Context: Wolves were natural predators in the ancient Near East and posed a significant threat to livestock, particularly sheep. Shepherds had to remain vigilant to protect their flocks from these cunning and aggressive animals.
Likely Symbolic Meaning: The wolf symbolizes danger, deceit, and destruction. It represents those who prey on the vulnerable, such as false prophets and corrupt leaders. In contrast, its mention in Isaiah’s vision of peace demonstrates the transformative power of God’s kingdom, where even natural enemies coexist in harmony.
Name: Worm
Biblical Appearance: Exodus 16:20, 24, Deuteronomy 28:39, Job 7:5, 17:14, 19:26, 21:26, 24:20, 25:6, Psalm 22:6, Isaiah 14:11, 41:14, 51:8, 66:24, Jonah 4:7, Micah 7:17, Mark 9:48, Acts 12:23
Associated Story / Event: Worms are mentioned in connection with decay, death, and judgment. Manna that was kept overnight in violation of God’s command bred worms in Exodus. Job speaks of worms in the context of his suffering and mortality. In a graphic depiction of judgment, Isaiah describes the wicked as being consumed by worms. Conversely, God tells Jacob he is a worm to illustrate his lowliness, but assures him of his help. In the New Testament, Herod is struck down and eaten by worms. Jonah sees a worm destroy a plant.
Cultural Context: Worms (likely referring to maggots or other insect larvae) were associated with decomposition and death.
Likely Symbolic Meaning: The worm often symbolizes death, decay, judgment, and sometimes human lowliness or insignificance.